The PV and storage integrated fast charging station now uses flat charge and peak discharge as well as valley charge and peak discharge, which can lower the overall energy cost. For the characteristics of photovoltaic power generation at noon, the charging time of energy storage power station is 03:30 to 05:30 and 13:30 to 16:30, respectively .
For the characteristics of photovoltaic power generation at noon, the charging time of energy storage power station is 03:30 to 05:30 and 13:30 to 16:30, respectively . This results in the variation of the charging station's energy storage capacity as stated in Equation (15) and the constraint as displayed in (16)– (20).
In this simulation, the dispatching interval is set to 15 min, the centralized energy storage capacity is 1000 kWh based on official data, the beginning value of energy storage is 350 kWh, and its maximum charging and discharging power is approximately 200 kW.
The number of charging piles is decided based on the number of electric bus charging at the same time. ESS capacity and maximum exchange power are decided according to the maximum amount of ESS energy and exchange power in a day. These three parts compose the planning scheme of the electric bus system.
For instance, the APP of TELD, that is, a leading charging facility manufacturer and operator in China, claims that the DC charging pile's advertised charging power of 60–150 kW is 60 kW, but the highest charging power it is capable of is about 90–100 kW.
The charge–discharge power of ESS cannot exceed its maximum charge–discharge power limits. The maximum charge–discharge power is related to the capacity and maximum charge–discharge ratio of ESS, as shown in ( 11 )– ( 13 ). Literature [ 25] shows that non-linear constraints ( 11 )– ( 13) can be linearised, as shown in ( 14) and ( 15 ).
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