Among the various rechargeable battery technologies adopted, lithium-ion batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries have undergone continuous development. The main parameters considered in employing the battery in electric vehicles are energy density, power density, cycle life, cost and environmental safety.
Many battery technologies are currently employed in electric vehicles but the most frequently used batteries are Lithium-ion batteries. Thus, a greater focus is given to Li-ion batteries and their development by detailing the material-specific advancements in their electrode and electrolyte system. 1. Introduction
Because of their low cost and recyclability, they still have a niche use in some types of electric vehicles even though they are less frequent in modern EVs. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, lead-acid batteries were among the earliest battery types utilized in electric vehicles.
The United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) has 150 kW/kg of specific power goal for a battery to use in electric vehicles [ 2 ]. Similarly, they had set a goal of reduction in the price of the battery as 1USD for 100 kWh/Kg.
One, popular in laptops, uses lithium cobalt oxide, which produces relatively light but expensive batteries. Others, popular in many cars, use a mix of nickel and cobalt with aluminium or manganese as a stabilizer (NCA and NCM).
Despite having very low specific energy of 20–40 Wh kg −1, these batteries find major application in the charging stations of electric vehicles as they are economic for large plants [ 10, 11 ]. The higher atomic weight of lead owes to reduce the specific energy and power of the battery.
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